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<text id=93CT1759>
<link 90TT2363>
<link 90TT2188>
<link 90TT0358>
<title>
Liberia--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Northern Africa
Liberia
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> It is believed that the forebears of many present-day
Liberians migrated into the area from the north and east
between the 12th and 17th centuries. None of the sub-Saharan
empires of that period encompassed Liberia. Portuguese explorers
visited Liberia's coast in 1461, and during the next 30 years,
European merchants and coastal Africans engaged in trade.
</p>
<p> The history of modern Liberia dates from 1816, when the
American Colonization Society, a private U.S. organization, was
given a charter by the U.S. Congress to send freed slaves to
the west coast of Africa. The U.S. Government, under President
James Monroe, provided funds and assisted in negotiations with
native chiefs for the ceding of land for this purpose. The
first settlers landed at the site of Monrovia in 1822. In 1838,
the settlers united to form the Commonwealth of Liberia, under
a governor appointed by the American Colonization Society.
</p>
<p> In 1847, Liberia became Africa's first independent republic,
with a constitution modeled after that of the United States. The
United Kingdom officially recognized the public of Liberia in
1848, as did France in 1852. The United States granted
recognition in 1862. The republic's first 100 years have been
described as a "century of survival" because of attempts by
neighboring colonial powers (France and Britain) to encroach on
Liberia.
</p>
<p> William R. Tolbert, Jr., 19th president of Liberia, acceded
to office in July 1971, upon the death of his predecessor,
William V.S. Tubman, who had served as president since 1944.
Tolbert was overthrown in a coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel
K. Doe on April 12, 1980, when the constitution was suspended
and martial law imposed. The military government pledged to
restore civilian rule in 1985. A new constitution was drafted
and reviewed by an elected assembly; the ban on political
activity was lifted and an Interim National Assembly appointed
in July 1984; and four political parties were able to register
and compete in presidential and legislative elections held on
October 15, 1985. The new government and the new constitution
were inaugurated on January 6, 1986, with Samuel K. Doe as
president.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Samuel K. Doe is president and commander in chief of the
Liberian Armed Forces. He is also the standard bearer of the
National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), which holds an
overwhelming majority of the country's legislative seats.
</p>
<p> The October 15, 1985 elections--the first in Liberia's
history based on universal suffrage--were extremely
controversial. The government used its authority inter alia, to
curtail political debate, to limit the number of political
parties, and to detain opposition leaders and independent
journalists and hold them incommunicado. Although voting on
election day appeared generally free and open, with very high
popular interest and participation, there were immediate and
widespread allegations of illegal procedures in regard to
counting the votes, which was not performed in accordance with
the election laws. It was announced that Samuel Doe had won the
presidency with 50.9% of the vote and that his party had won
80% of the legislative seats. Opposition parties denounced the
results as fraudulent and refused to permit their successful
legislative candidates to take their seats under party
affiliation. There was a bloody, unsuccessful coup attempt on
November 12, 1985, which left many dead and most major
opposition politicians in prison without charges or trial.
</p>
<p> Since the inauguration of the Second Republic on January 6,
1986, efforts at national political reconciliation have
continued.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
September 1987.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>